TOLC-AV structure and syllabus

• Chemistry of life
  The structure and function of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
  The role of enzymes.

• The cell
  Common characteristics and fundamental differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  Cellular structures and their main functions: cell membranes, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuole, lysosomes, nucleus, chromosomes.

• Genetics, reproduction and evolution
  Cellular divisions: mitosis and meiosis / reproduction mechanisms.
  Heredity. DNA and genes. Genetic code, protein synthesis / principles and foundations of evolution.

• General concepts on the energy processes of the cell Respiration, photosynthesis, transport.

• Diversity among living
  Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals.

• The constitution of matter
  States and transformations of matter. Properties of the different states of aggregation of matter (solid, liquid, gas). Base quantities (the International System of Units).

• The structure of the atom
  The structure of the atom: elementary particles; atomic number and mass number. Isotopes.

• The periodic system of elements
  Periodic table of elements. Periodic properties of elements: Atomic radius, ionization potential, electron affinity; metals and non-metals.

• Chemical bonds
  Ionic and covalent bonds; polarity of bonds; electronegativity. Chemical formulas.

• The basics of inorganic chemistry
  Nomenclature of inorganic compounds: oxides, hydroxides, acids, salts.

• Chemical reactions
  Chemical reactions and stoichiometry: atomic and molecular weight number, mole concept, grams to moles conversion and vice versa, simple stoichiometric calculations, balance of simple reactions, various types of chemical reactions. Oxidation and reduction: number of oxidation, notion of oxidant and reducing agent.

• Solutions
  Molarity. Dilutions of solutions. Acids and bases: concepts and definitions; acidity, neutrality, basicity of aqueous solutions; pH.

• Organic chemistry
  The basics of organic chemistry: single and multiple bonds between carbon atoms; concept of isomerism; aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with basic IUPAC nomenclature rules. Concept of functional group (functional groups of alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, with basic IUPAC nomenclature rules).

• Physical quantities and units of measurement
  Fundamental and derived physical quantities in the International System. Conversion between units of measurement. Orders of magnitude and scientific notation. Dimensional analysis. Scalar and vector quantities.

• Mechanics
  Velocity and acceleration. Uniform linear motion and uniformly accelerated motion Circular motion.
  Concept of force. Fundamental laws of dynamics. Weight and acceleration of gravity.
  Work of a force. Kinetic and potential energy. Conservation of energy.

• Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics
  Density and pressure. Simple considerations of fluid statics and dynamics.
  Temperature. Celsius and Kelvin scales. Heat. Specific heat and heat capacity. Thermal expansion. Change of status. Perfect gases.

• Electromagnetism
  Electric charge. Coulomb’s force and electric field. Fundamental characteristics of an electromagnetic wave: frequency, period, wavelength.
  Voltage and electrical current. Electrical resistance and Ohm’s Law.

• Set theory
  Sets and main set operations (union, intersection, difference, complement and Cartesian product); combinatorial calculus (combinations, permutations and variations).
   
• Arithmetic
  Numerical sets and main arithmetic operations. Decimal numbers and rounding off; greatest common divisor, least common multiple; arithmetic mean. Divisibility, prime numbers and decomposition into prime factors.
   
• Algebra
  Monomials and polynomials; algebraic expressions, fractions and simplification of expressions; powers with integer and fractional exponent. Algebraic equations and inequalities; systems of equations and inequalities.
   
• Exponents and logarithm
  Algebraic operations with exponents and logarithms; basic changes; simple exponential and logarithmic equations and inequalities.
   
• Analytic geometry
  Cartesian coordinates of the plane; line equation from two points; slope of a straight line; equation of a line from one point and parallel or perpendicular to a given line. Distance between two points of the plane; geometric loci.
   
• Plane geometry
  Plane figures and their fundamental properties. Pythagoras’ theorem; properties of similar triangles; perimeter and area of the most common plane figures. Goniometry and trigonometry.
   
• Solid geometry
  Three-dimensional solids and their fundamental properties; surfaces and volumes of major solids.
   
• Mathematization
  Percentage and proportions; calculation of the probability of an event in simple situations; unit of measure; reduction of a concrete problem to a mathematical one.

The Logic and reading comprehension questions seek to test in particular the candidate’s aptitude rather than the skills acquired in secondary school. They do not therefore require specific preliminary preparation.

Depending on the result obtained in the test, the grid below shows the initial preparation level and how to improve your results, if necessary.